Thermal Performance Assessment of Traditional Stilt Houses in Wana Village, Indonesia: Field Measurement and Simulation

Abstract

Traditional stilt houses in tropical regions are commonly considered climate-responsive, yet empirical evaluations of their thermal behaviour under contemporary modifications remain limited. This study assesses the thermal performance of a traditional stilt house in Wana Village, East Lampung, Indonesia, using field measurements and solar exposure simulations. Surface temperatures of walls, roofs, and floors were measured using a FLIR C2 thermal imaging camera, while envelope heat exposure was analysed through Autodesk FormIt based on site-specific orientation and climate. The results show that envelope configuration and material layering significantly influence thermal behaviour. The double-layer wooden wall with an air cavity on the southern façade, which was constructed primarily for cultural representation, privacy, and structural emphasis rather than solar control, exhibits lower internal surface temperatures compared to single-layer walls on the east and west façades that receive higher solar radiation. Roof measurements indicate substantial heat retention by historic clay tiles, while the presence of a wooden ceiling effectively reduces heat transfer to interior spaces. Enclosure of the under-stilt space alters the floor’s thermal behaviour by limiting airflow beneath the building, resulting in higher surface temperatures. This study characterizes how vernacular architectural elements and subsequent adaptations interact with tropical climatic conditions to moderate heat gain. The findings provide empirical evidence to inform climate-responsive design strategies while supporting the sustainable conservation of traditional stilt houses.