KEADILAN TERHADAP ORANG YANG ZALIM: KAJIAN TERHADAP HUKUM AL-GHAṢB
Justice Towards the Wrongdoer: A Study on the Ruling of al-Ghaṣb
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/fiqh.vol23no1.10Keywords:
al-Ghaṣb, Usurpation, Usurped Property, Justice Towards The WrongdoerAbstract
This study explores the tension between societal tendencies toward vengeance and the Islamic legal imperative of upholding justice even for those who commit injustice. Focusing on al-ghaṣb (usurpation), the research examines how Islamic law balances the rights of the victim with the responsibilities and entitlements of the wrongdoer, without transgressing shariah boundaries. While public sentiment often demands punitive measures that may exceed just limits, the Sharīʿah offers a principled framework that prohibits all forms of injustice, including retaliatory excess. Employing a qualitative content analysis of classical fiqh texts across the four major fiqh schools, this study investigates the legal reasoning surrounding compensation, value-added transformations of usurped property, and the recognition or rejection of the usurper’s efforts. All schools unanimously declare al-ghaṣb as sinful and unlawful, yet diverge in their treatment of added value and the usurper’s liability. The Ḥanafī and Maliki schools adopt a more nuanced approach, acknowledging al-ghasib’s effort when it involves personal resources or skill, whereas the Shafi’i and Ḥanbali schools uphold strict liability, emphasizing absolute justice for the victim regardless of intent or effort. These divergent positions reflect deeper epistemological commitments: the former prioritizes equitable balance and contextual justice, while the latter enforces uncompromising restitution. Both, however, aim to prevent exploitation and uphold moral accountability. The study concludes that Islamic jurisprudence offers a rich, multidimensional conception of justice one that protects property rights, deters wrongdoing, and educates society through calibrated legal and social responses. In doing so, it affirms that justice in Islam is not merely retributive but restorative, encompassing both the rights of the oppressed and the moral reform of the oppressor.
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