马来西亚砂拉越古晋河婆客家话语音特点——以一个家庭三代人的语音演变为个案

The Phonological Characteristics of Hopo Hakka in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: A Three-Generation Family Case Study

Abstract

客家话是马来西亚砂拉越古晋的主流方言之一，其中以河婆腔最为通行。随 着 19 世纪末中国揭西河婆人移居古晋，河婆客家话与当地多种语言和其他汉语方 言发生接触，产生了一系列音变现象。相较于使用人口较广的梅县客家话，河婆 客家话的全球使用人口相对较少。因此，砂拉越古晋成为了研究河婆客家话发展 的重要地区。系统且科学性地记录古晋河婆客家话与原乡方言的差异，对于探析 其语音变化及保存方言有着重大的意义。本文采用传统方言调查法，记录古晋河 婆客家话的语音系统，并在此基础上分析其与揭西原乡语音的差别，同时以一个 家庭三代人的语音特点为个案，分析其语音演变。结果显示，古晋河婆客家话的 声母和韵母音变为：（一）语音内部的演变，如[ʒ]声母接开合三等字时[-i-]介音的 脱落；（二）与外语或福建话接触产生的音变，如声母[v]向[b]的转变；韵母[ɛi]、 [ə]的产生；（三）与其他客家次方言接触后的音变，如舌叶音往舌尖音靠拢；蟹 梗二四等的主要元音从[e]过渡到[a]等；（四）保留了比揭西原乡更传统的语音， 如[e]、[ue]而非[ei]、[uei]。声调方面基本保持一致，仅存在少许调值差异。另外， 只有声母具有明显的年龄差异，主要表现为中青年一辈与老年人有语音差异。本 文也将分析结果与前人研究成果进行对比，旨在为未来砂拉越客家话研究提供拓 展基础，并对东南亚地区客家话的发展研究提供参考案例。

关键词：砂拉越，古晋，汉语方言，河婆客家话，语音

Hakka is one of the predominant Chinese dialects in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, with the Hopo accent being the most prevalent. Following the migration of the Hopo people from Jiexi, China to Kuching during the late 19th century, the dialect has undergone language contact with various local languages and other Chinese dialects, leading to a series of phonetic changes. Compared to Meixian Hakka, which has a wider global distribution, Hopo Hakka has a relatively smaller number of speakers worldwide. Therefore, Kuching has become an essential region for studying the development of this dialect. Systematically and scientifically recording the phonetic differences between Kuching Hopo Hakka and its ancestral origin is of great significance for exploring phonetic evolution and preserving the dialect. This paper employs the traditional dialect survey method to record the phonetic system of Kuching Hopo Hakka and analyses its divergence from the Jiexi variety. In addition, a three-generation family is examined as a case study in order to explore patterns of phonological change. The results indicate that the phonetic changes in initial and final of Kuching Hopo Hakka include (1) internal evolution such as the loss of the medial glide [-i-] in syllables with the initial consonant [ʒ] when occurring with open or closed division-III vowels, (2) changes triggered by contact with external language such as the shift of initial from [v] to [b] the emergence of new vowels [ɛi] and [ə], (3) changes resulting from contact with other Hakka subdialects, including the shift of post-alveolar sounds toward denti-alvoelar sounds, the transition of primary vowels in the xie and geng-rhyme division -II and -IV (蟹梗二四等) characters from [e] to [a], (4) the preservation of more traditional phonetic features than the Jiexi variety, such as the retention of [e] and [ue] instead of [ei] and [uei]. Tonal characteristics remain largely consistent with only minor variations in tone values. Age variation is observed only in the initials where younger and middle-aged speakers show different pronunciation from the old generation. Finally, this paper compares the findings with previous research, aiming to expand the scope of Sarawak Hakka studies and provide a reference case for the development of Hakka dialects in Southeast Asia.

Keywords: Sarawak, Kuching, chinese dialect, hopo hakka, phonological